Digestion and Nutrition in Humans

Key Issues

Titles

Chapters

• Absorption of soluble products of digestion
• Amylase
• ANIMAL NUTRITION
• Bile
• Bile neutralises the acid that was added to food in the stomach. This provides alkaline conditions in which enzymes in the small intestine work most effectively
• Breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small molecules and absorption into the blood
• describe the action of amylase, lipase and protease in saliva, gastric, pancreatic and intestinal juice
• Digestive Enzymes
• Enzymes in Industry
• Enzymes in the Home
• Function of mouth, oesophagus (gullet), stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, liver and gall bladder
• Functions of enzymes and bile in digestion
• Functions of the salivary glands, oesophagus (gullet), stomach, gall bladder, pancreas and intestines
• Hydrochloric Acid
• identify parts of the human alimentary canal, in relation to absorption
• identify parts of the human alimentary canal, in relation to assimilation
• identify parts of the human alimentary canal, in relation to digestion and egestion
• identify parts of the human alimentary canal, in relation to ingestion
• In industry carbohydrates are used to convert starch into sugar syrup
• In industry isomerase is used to convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup, which is much sweeter and therefore can be used in smaller quantities in slimming foods
• In industry proteases are used to 'pre-digest' the protein in some baby foods
• In the home, biological detergents may contain protein-digesting and fat-digesting enzymes (proteases and lipases)
• know excretion as the elimination of metabolic waste products and toxic materials taken in from the environment
• know that excess amino acids break down to urea in the liver
• know the basic function of the digestive system - where large molecules are broken down to simple soluble molecules which are absorbed into and transported by the blood
• know the structure and functions of the component parts of the digestive system in humans, including anus
• know the structure and functions of the component parts of the digestive system in humans, including buccal cavity
• know the structure and functions of the component parts of the digestive system in humans, including large intestine (colon)
• know the structure and functions of the component parts of the digestive system in humans, including oesophagus
• know the structure and functions of the component parts of the digestive system in humans, including rectum
• know the structure and functions of the component parts of the digestive system in humans, including small intestine (ileum)
• know the structure and functions of the component parts of the digestive system in humans, including stomach
• Lipase
• Lipase enzymes are produced by the pancreas and small intestine
• Lipase enzymes catalyse the breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine
• Peristalsis
• Protease
• Protease enzymes are produced by the stomach, the pancreas and the small intestine
• Protease enzymes catalyse the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and the small intestine
• recall the structure of the human urinary system to include bladder
• recall the structure of the human urinary system to include kidney
• recall the structure of the human urinary system to include renal artery
• recall the structure of the human urinary system to include sphincter muscle
• recall the structure of the human urinary system to include ureter
• recall the structure of the human urinary system to include urethra
• recall the structure of the human urinary system to include vein
• Role of bile
• Role of digestive enzymes (amylase, proteases, lipase)
• Sensitivity of enzymes to temperature and pH
• Some enzymes work outside the body cells
• the absorption of water in the colon
• The digestive enzymes are produced by specialised cells in glands and in the lining of the gut
• The effects of temperature and pH on enzyme action
• The enzyme amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine
• The enzyme amylase is produced in the salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine
• The enzymes then pass out of the cells into the gut where they come into contact with food molecules. They catalyse the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules
• The liver produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder before being released into the small intestine
• The principle of substrate specificity
• the role of the liver in the assimilation of glucose
• the significance of a large surface area for absorption; folds and villi
• the source and action of bile
• The stomach also produces hydrochloric acid. The enzymes in the stomach work most effectively in these acid conditions
• understand the role of enzymes as biological catalysts in cellular activity involving both breaking down and building up of molecules (illustrated by reference to starch metabolism)