Products from Crude Oil

Key Issues

Titles

Chapters

• A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together
• A thermal decomposition reaction then occurs. Some of the products of cracking are useful as fuels
• Addition polymerisation from unsaturated monomers
• Addition polymers from unsaturated monomers
• Alkane Molecules
• Alkane Molecules can be represented as C2H6
• Alkanes and Alkenes
• Alkanes as saturated and alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons
• Alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons and alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons
• ALKANES, ALKENES AND POLYMERS
• Alkenes can be used to make polymers such as poly(ethene) and poly(propene)
• Alkenes have the general formula CnH2n. Unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules can be represented as C2H4
• Applications of Polymers
• be able to link the use of a polymer to its simple properties, given information
• Complete and incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons
• Composition of crude oil, hydrocarbons
• Cracking Hydrocarbons
• Cracking to produce smaller hydrocarbons including alkenes
• Cracking yielding useful hydrocarbons, some of which have carbon-carbon double bonds
• Crude Oil
• Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number of compounds
• describe industrial fractional distillation
• Describe the complete combustion of alkanes and recognise their use as fuels
• Describe the complete combustion of alkenes and the manufacture of ethanol from ethene and steam
• describe the use of bromine water to distinguish alkanes/alkenes
• describe the use of esters as plasticisers in changing the properties
• describe the use of esters as plasticisers in changing the properties of PVC to become flexible and useful for cling film
• Disposing of Polymers
• Distinction between alkanes and alkenes using bromine water
• Effect of products of combustion of hydrocarbons on the environment
• Ethene
• Ethene can be reacted with steam in the presence of a catalyst to produce ethanol
• explain how chemicals are obtained from oil by fractional distillation
• explain that polymers consist of long chains of atoms with only weak forces between the chains to explain why they melt easily, are neither stiff nor strong, but are tough
• explain the difference between the terms thermosetting and thermoplastic
• explain why it is environmentally and economically important to match supply and demand in the processing of oil fractions
• For example, slime with different viscosities can be made from poly(ethanol)
• Formation of crude oil
• Formation of polymers from monomers
• Formula and structure of ethyl ethanoate
• Formulae and structure of methane, ethane, propane and butane
• Formulae and structures of ethene and propene
• Formulae and structures of methane, ethane, propane and butane
• Fractional distillation of crude oil
• Fractions of Hydrocarbons
• Give examples of reactions of ethanoic acid as a typical dilute acid, i.e. with metals, bases and carbonates
• Give uses for ethanol as a fuel, in alcoholic beverages and as a solvent
• Give uses of these polymers
• Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons can be broken down (cracked) to produce smaller, more useful molecules
• In these reactions, many small molecules (monomers) join together to form very large molecules (polymers)
• Incomplete combustion - toxic carbon monoxide
• interpret data about the competing use of oil as a chemical feedstock and a fuel
• It is possible to separate the substances in a mixture by physical methods including distillation
• Making Polymers
• Many polymers are not biodegradable, so they are not broken down by microorganisms and this can lead to problems with waste disposal
• Mixtures
• Most of the compounds in crude oil consist of molecules made of hydrogen and carbon atoms only (hydrocarbons)
• Most of these are saturated hydrocarbons called alkanes, which have the general formula C(n)H(2n+2)
• Oxidation as the addition of oxygen
• Polymers have many useful applications and new uses are being developed, for example dental polymers
• Polymers have many useful applications and new uses are being developed, for example hydrogels
• Polymers have many useful applications and new uses are being developed, for example new packaging materials
• Polymers have many useful applications and new uses are being developed, for example smart materials including shape memory polymers
• Polymers have many useful applications and new uses are being developed, for example waterproof coatings for fabrics
• Polymers have many useful applications and new uses are being developed, for example wound dressings
• Polymers have properties that depend on what they are made from and the conditions under which they are made
• Problems of disposal of plastics
• Products of combustion of hydrocarbons
• Properties and uses of poly(ethene), poly(propene) and poly(chloroethene) (PVC)
• Properties and uses of the fractions from crude oil
• Properties of Hydrocarbons
• Properties of Polymers
• Properties of the different fractions related to the size of their molecules
• Reaction with ethanol to form an ester (Test-tube scale)
• recall that most consumer products are made from chemicals in crude oil (for example plastics, packaging, textiles, dyes, paints, medicines)
• recall that some polymers (for example Bakelite and melamine) have cross links between the chains of atoms and this changes the properties of the polymer (stiffness and heat resistance)
• recall the conditions used to crack fractions obtained from crude oil and understand that cracking involves breaking large hydrocarbon chains into smaller ones, some of which have C=C bonds
• recall the molecular and structural formula and physical state of ethanol. Describe the complete combustion of ethanol and its formation by fermentation
• recall the molecular and structural formula of ethanoic acid
• recall the names, molecular and structural formulae, and physical state of first four alkanes
• recall the names, molecular and structural formulae, and physical state of first two alkenes
• recall the properties of polymers (for example nylon and poly(ethene)) and explain why they are useful
• recall the uses of some polymers (nylon and poly(ethene)
• recognise examples of the use of alkenes in the manufacture of commercially important addition polymers, and to the social, cultural, economic, environmental, health and safety factors involved, limited to polythene, PVC, polypropene
• relate the difference in boiling points of liquids to the differing intermolecular forces between different sized molecules
• relate the properties of thermosoftening plastics, thermosetting plastics and fibres to simple models of their structures
• select materials for a product, given a specification, and explain the reasons for the choice of each material
• Separation of crude oil by fractional distillation
• Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules
• state that bitumen, paraffin wax, kerosene, petrol, butane and propane are made from crude oil
• state that crude oil can be separated into more useful substances by a process called fractional distillation
• state that some polymers melt when heated (for example nylon, poly(ethene)) and some do not (for example melamine)
• The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are unchanged
• The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated into fractions, each of which contains molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms, by evaporating the oil and allowing it to condense at a number of different temperatures
• THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF FUELS
• The products of cracking include alkanes and unsaturated hydrocarbons called alkenes
• These properties influence how hydrocarbons are used as fuels
• This process involves heating and hydrocarbons to vaporise them and passing the vapours over a hot catalyst
• This process is fractional distillation
• Understand that alkanes are saturated and that alkenes are unsaturated
• use scientific knowledge and information to evaluate the social, economic and environmental factors associated with the manufacturing processes involved in cracking oil
• use scientific knowledge and information to evaluate the social, economic and environmental factors associated with the manufacturing processes involved in the chlor-alkali industry
• use scientific knowledge and information to evaluate the social, economic and environmental factors associated with the manufacturing processes involved in the manufacture of aluminium
• use scientific knowledge and information to evaluate the social, economic and environmental factors associated with the manufacturing processes involved in the manufacture of iron
• use scientific knowledge and information to evaluate the social, economic and environmental factors associated with the manufacturing processes involved in the production of fertilizers
• use scientific knowledge and information to evaluate the social, economic and environmental factors associated with the manufacturing processes involved in the production of plastics
• Uses of poly(ethene), poly(propene), poly(styrene) and PVC
• Uses of the fractions from crude oil